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Species / Arrhoges Occidentalis

Stromboidea


Original Description of Rostellaria occidentalis by Beck, 1836:

  • "R. testa livido-plumbea, turrita, spiraliter tenue-striata, anfractibus convexis longitudinaliter oblique costellatis; labro alato, mutico, intus albo."
    • the above description is cited by Beck, 1836 as coming from "Beck., in Lyell Catal. of the Fossils of St Laurence-Bay in Geol. Trans.", which is fide Johnson, 1930 published in 1841 as "Trans. Geol. Soc, London, vol. 6, (2 ser.) 1841 (read April 24, 1839), Remarks on Some Fossils and Recent Shells collected by Captain Bayfield R. N. in Canada," by Charles Lyell."

Beck, 1836 adds a second description:

  • "Testa crassa, sed laevis, opaca , oblongo-alata , depressiuscula, subdistorta, spira elongato-conica, anfractibus 8 1/2 regulariter accrescentibus, convexis, ad suturam impressam paululum coarctatis, testae axim versus sub angulo patulo (graduum circiter 110°) inclinatis. Anfractus infantiles 2 1/2 laevigati; caeteri costis longitudinalibus dextrorsum arcuatis, suturas vix attingentibus, elevatiusculis, rotundatis (in perultimo anfractu circiter 25) ornati, striisque confertis et aequali fere spatio remotis, spiralibus exarati. Ultimus anfractus spira paululum brevior, posterius valde convexus, costisque longitudinalibus obsoletioribus, ante medium evanescentibus, ornatus; anterius oblique attenuatus, subacuminatus, dextrorsum in labrum sat magnum alatforme continuatus, supra striis spiralibus, ad labrum extremum divergentibus, exaratus. Labrum oblique quadrilaterale, posterius late excisum, lobo baseos supra anfractum penultimum decurrente, ad angulum externum protractum, subuncinatum, margine exteriore truncatum, valde incrassatum, angulo superiore obtuso rotundato, margineque anteriore oblique excisa, compressiuscula in apicem columellae abreviato-rostratum dextrorsum inclinatum, continuatum, superne ruga una alterave antiquatum, inferne et interne laevissimum. Apertura oblonga, augustiuscula, subquadrilateralis, posticč ad columellam acuminata, vix canaliculata, anticč in fissuram obsoletam, canalis ad instar, continuata, laevissima. Columella obliqua, posterius subconvexa, medio excavata, subarcuata, antrorsum oblique subulatim producta, aspice obtuso, supra indumento subcalcareo polito tecta, fissura umbilicali longitudinali obsoleta. Color testae extus explumbeo griseus, vel sordide albus, raro in fuscum vergens: apertura intus plumbeo-caerulescens, columella labroque candidis. Epidermis fuscescens, opaca."

Locus typicus: "Oc. atlanticum americanum, in sinu Sancti-Laurentii, et ad insul. Terrae-Novae. Frustula spirae etiam e Groenlandia nobis allata." (Beck, 1836)

Rostellaria occidentalis Beck, 1836, pl. 72

Measurements

  • "The shell described and figured by Beck is 57 mm. in length, diameter of the penultimate whorl 15 mm., width of the lip 20 mm. The last whorl has about 25 longitudinal costae." (Johnson, 1930)

Comment Beck, 1836: "Description and drawing are produced from a shell from the collection of M. Petit de la Saussaye in Paris. The shell was collected by M. Le Vicaire."


History and Synonymy

Arrhoges occidentalis (Beck, 1836:7 (unnumbered) pl. 72) [as Rostellaria occidentalis]

  • Syn.: Aporrhais occidentalis labradorensis Johnson, 1930: 133
  • Syn.: Aporrhais occidentalis mainensis Johnson, 1926: 3, pl. 1, fig. 2,3
  • Syn.: Arrhoges occidentale Orlov, 1960 : 191 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
  • Syn.: Chenopus occideutalis Beck, 1847. Orlov, 1960: 189 [incorrect subsequent spelling]
  • Syn.: Drepanocheilus (Arrhoges) occidentale Beck, 1836. Wenz, 1938 : 912, pl. 2680

1841

Rostellaria occidentalis (Beck, 1836); In Gould, 1841, fig. 205

  • Complete shells are found in fishes taken in Newfoundland Banks.
  • Gould, 1841 did not know the animal.
  • Because of its simple expansion, Gould, 1841 placed it close to Hippochrenes macroptera, the shell seemed to him close to Aporrhais pespelecani

Comment Johnson, 1926, p. 134: "The figure by Gould represents this variety [A.o. mainensis]. It was found by Mr. Bryant 20 miles E.S.E. of Cape Sable, N. S., in 70 fms."

Comment Johnson, 1930, p. 3: "The figure by Gould represents the typical form [of Arrhoges occidentalis] and not this variety [A.o. mainensis] as stated in 1926."

1842

Aporrhais occidentalis (Beck, 1836); In Sowerby, 1842, pl. V, fig. 2

1843

Rostellaria occidentalis (Beck, 1836); In Kiener, 1843, pl. ?, fig. 4

1851

Rostellaria occidentalis (Beck, 1836); In Reeve, 1851, Rostellaria, pl. 2, fig. 6 a, b

1863

Packard, 1863:

  • p.421: "...Invertebrata collected at Anticosti and Mingan Islands, by Messr. A.E. Verrill, A. Hyatt, and N.S. Shaler, in 1861 ... (p. 423) ... Aporrhais occidentalis Beck. ..."
  • p. 426: "Aporrhais occidentalis occured very rarely at Gaspé, as it does on the coast of Maine."
  • p. 427: "... and the following species are characteristic of Labrador and the Banks of Newfoundland: ... Aporrhais occidentalis ..."
  • p. 428: "Thus with our present knowledge we can approximate very nearly to the southern limits of this shoal fauna, and trace the isolated patches situated upon the cold and unprotected elevations, which rise in the warmer seas of New England; but our imperfect information respecting the range northward of its most characteristic species, does not allow us to speak with much certainty how far up the eastern coast of Labrador these species extend, or whether those few species, which reach Greenland and occur there rarely, may not be considered as foreigners to the soil. For example: of Apporhais occidentalis, which is so profusely abundant in the Straits of Belle Isle, Mörch reports but a fragment from Greenland."

1867

Packard, 1867, p. 285:

  • "Aporrhais occidentalis Beck. Very abundant on the whole coast from Salmon Bay to Hopedale, and is one of the most characteristic shells of the coast, occuring in from six to fifty fathoms, mostly in muddy quiet bays."

1869

Morse, 1869, p. 274:

  • "Aporrhais occidentalis (Beck, 1836); (Fig. 19) is one of the most singular shells that we have. It is rare on our coast, but is common towards Newfoundland."

Aporrhais occidentalis (Beck, 1836); In Morse, 1869, pl. III, fig. 19

1874

Aporrhais occidentalis (Beck, 1836); In Tryon, 1873, pl. 10, fig. 125

Verrill, 1874, p. 38:

  • "Contents of a single haul of the dredge made Aug. 13, 1873, on hard bottom, with some spots of mud, in 33 fathoms; locality, six miles east of Seguin Island. [...] Aporrhais occidentalis [...]"

1926

Original description of Aporrhais occidentalis mainensis n.var. by Johnson, 1926, p. 133:

  • "The specimens from Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy differ from the typical form from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward, in having fewer and more elevated longitudinal costae. The type calls for 25 costae, while those from the Gulf of Maine have only 14 on the penultimate whorl, the number being quite constant, while those from Labrador have from 22 to 25 costae. In the Gulf of Maine specimen the costae in the young end abruptly at the periphery and the peripheral line is noticable on the entire body whorl to the tip of the wing-like lip, there is also a slight sub-peripheral line; both of these are obsolete or wanting in the more northern specimens."

Comment Johnson, 1926, p. 134: "The variety is based chiefly on a large series dredged by Dr. C.W. Townsend in from 5 to 6 fms. near the Gillpatrick Ledge off Northeast Harbor, Maine."

1930

Johnson, 1930, p. 2 about Aporrhais occidentalis:

  • "The shell described and figured by Beck is 57 mm. in length, diameter of the penultimate whorl 15 mm., width of the lip 20 mm. The last whorl has about 25 longitudinal costae. Specimens were from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland. This is the form found in the deeper waters of the Gulf of Maine and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, varying in size from 50 to 70 mm. The specimen represented by figure 1 is from Newfoundland and is what may be considered as typical. Its length is 62 mm. penultimate, whorl 18 mm. in diameter, width of the lip 25 mm. The penultimate whorl has about 19 longitudinal costae and the body whorl about 25 costae which become obsolete on the expanded portion. In perfect specimens the entire shell is ornamented with fine raised spirals, but these are usually eroded on the spire, the peripheral and subperipheral ridge on the body whorl often quite distinct. In most cases the extension of the lip extends across the penultimate whorl and in a few specimens onto the adjoining whorl. A fine series was obtained by Mr. W. S. Schroeder of the United States Fish Commission steamer "Albatross 11" in 88 fathoms, off the Isles of Slioals, New Hampshire, the larger specimens measuring 70 mm. The most southern records are the Georges Bank 50 fathoms Lat. 41° 23' N. Long. 68° 40' W. and off Gurnett Point, Plymouth, Mass., 20 fathoms (R. K. Smith and W. F. Clapp). In 1871 J. F. Whiteaves dredged a living specimen in 120 fathoms, N. E. of the Island of Anticosti."

Aporrhais occidentalis (Beck, 1836); In Johnson, 1930, pl. 1, fig. 1

Johnson, 1930, p. 3 about Aporrhais occidentalis var. mainensis:

  • "This form is distinguished by its more slender spire and fewer longitudinal costae. The number of costae on the penultimate whorl is 14 and on the body whorl about 18. The young (fig. 6) of this and the typical form are often difficult to separate. The length of the type (fig. 5) is 62 mm. The type lot was dredged by Dr. C. W. Townsend near Gillpatrick Ledge, off Northeast Harbor, Maine, in 5 to 6 fathoms, also taken at Eastport, Maine, 20 fathoms (Hyatt) and at Digby, Nova Scotia, by E. W. Roper. The figure by Gould represents the typical form and not this variety as stated in 1926."

Aporrhais occidentalis var. mainensis in Johnson, 1926, pl. 1, fig. 4, 5, 6

Original Description of Aporrhais occidentalis var. labradorensis n. var. by Johnson, 1930, p. 3:

  • "This is readily separated from the typical form by its smaller size, more slender spire, smaller and more numerous costae and less expanded lip. On the penultimate whorl there are about 24 longitudinal costae and on the body whorl about 29, peripheral lines obsolete or wanting. Width of the lip 15 mm. The lip is confined to the body whorl, usually not reaching the suture and rarely extending onto the penultimate whorl. The length of the holotype (fig. 3) is 52 mm. and of fig. 2, representing an unusually high spire. 63 mm. Holotype and paratypes are from Egg Harbor, Labrador, 7 fathoms (Owen Bryant). Most of the specimens from the Labrador coast are badly eroded."

Aporrhais occidentalis var. labradorensis in Johnson, 1930, pl. 1, fig. 2, 3

1933

Procter, 1933, p. 204:

  • "A. (Arrhoges) occidentalis (Beck). (Rostellaria occidentalis Beck, 1836, Mag. de Zool.; Aporrhais occidentalis Gould, 1870, Inv. Mass., p. 320, fig. 589.) But one specimen was taken by us, just outside of Egg Rock. It would appear to be a more outside form, for it is reported constantly from deeper water and fisherman complain of its boring holes in the fish that are caught in gill nets and reach the bottom, and say that frequently fish are found with several of these large red wounds on them. In the territory extending out from Gilpatrick's Ledge at Northeast Harbor, between Greenings and Suttons Islands, where the best mollusc ground is, Aporrhais is found abundantly. This species has been identified as Aporrhais occidentalis var. mainensis by C. W. Johnston, who has described it in Nautilus. The record shows that this is the only place it has been taken with the exception of the Isle of Shoals. This beautiful animal is found here in great abundance in all sizes and a series is shown in figure 38. We never dredged it at any other place, and Blaney does not report this variety and lists A. occidentalis as rare, and no specimens fully matured. Nova Scotia, St. Lawrence, Labrador Atlantic coast, 10 to 60 fathoms; fossil from Labrador."

1943

Stewart, M.C. 1943, p. 29:

  • "Southern record for Aporrhais occidentalis mainensis Johnson. — Last Summer while I was in Barnstable, Mass., a fisherman friend of mine gave me a specimen of this shell which he had found alive in one of his lobster traps, in deep water off Barnstable light. In Johnson's list of New England mollusks "off Duxbury" is the farthest south reported for it."

Specimens from institutional collections

Arrhoges occidentalis (Beck, 1836); Gaspe Bay, Gaspe Peninsula (Gaspésie), Quebec Province, Canada; Ex-coll. Trechmann no. 2176; Coll. BM(NH)


Specimens from private collections

Arrhoges occidentalis (Beck, 1836); trawled -100 m off Chebucto Head, Nova Scotia Province, Canada; 53.0mm; Coll. Chong CHen

  • Comment Chong Chen: "The "American Pelicanfoot" is graceful aporrhaid and the only extant species native to the western Atlantic, ranging from Greenland to Nova Scotia, Canada to North Carolina, USA. It is also the only extant species in the genus Arrhoges, although many do not consider this a full genus and still place it in Aporrhais. Compared to the other living aporrhaids its outer lip is simple with only a single projection, while others have multiple spines. It is a herbivorous and detritivorous species feeding on microalgae and detritus, and inhabits sandy to muddy bottoms of a rather wide bathymetric range around -10~400m deep. It is a rather rare species in the shell trade, especially live collected specimens of good quality as it is usually a rough shell; most specimens are trawled off Atlantic Canada. It is very variable in spire height; specimens with slender spire bearing relatively few axial ridges has been described as f. mainensis (Johnson, 1930), while those with very high spire has been named f. labradorensis (Johnson, 1930). Typical shell length around 50mm, very large specimens may exceed 65mm."

Aporrhais occidentalis (Beck, 1836); off Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island Province, Canada; dredged; 65,9 mm; Coll. Fikret Özer

Arrhoges occidentalis (Beck, 1836); off Canadian side of George's Bank, Nova Scotia Province, Canada; deep sea scallop Trawler; t: 66 mm, b: 63 mm; Coll. Christian Boernke

Arrhoges occidentalis (Beck, 1936); Central Brown's Bank, 90 miles SSE of Clark's Harbour, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, Canada; taken by fishermen in 60 m, medium gravel bottom; 8/1992; Coll. Aart Dekkers STR1483

Arrhoges occidentalis (Beck, 1936); off New Foundland; trawled in 200+ m; 49,4 mm; Coll. Aart Dekkers STR0222

Aporrhais occidentalis Beck, 1836; near Digby (East), Nova Scotia, Canada; in a silty depression, 60-65 fthm; 67,7 mm; Coll. Koenraad De Turck

Drepanocheilus occidentalis (Beck, 1836); Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec Province, Canada; 60,7 mm; 1963; Coll. Frank Nolf no. 06399a

Aporrhais occidentalis Beck, 1836; Machias, Maine, USA; dredged in 50-100 ft; 62,5 mm; Coll. Koenraad De Turck

Drepanocheilus occidentalis (Beck, 1836); Massachusetts, USA; 59 mm; Coll. Frank Nolf no. 06399

Aporrhais occidentalis (Beck, 1836); Cape Cod, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA; trawled; 2000; 45,4 mm; Coll. Fikret Özer

Drepanocheilus occidentalis (Beck, 1836); off Nova Scotia Province, Canada; 47 mm; 1963; Coll. Frank Nolf no. 06399b

Drepanocheilus occidentalis var. mainensis Johnson, 1926; off Nova Scotia Province, Canada; 41 mm; 1963; Coll. Frank Nolf no. 08822

Arrhoges occidentalis (Beck, 1836); Angmagssalik, Greenland; trawled by fisherman; 8/2009; Coll. Urich Wieneke

Arrhoges occidentalis labradorensis Johnson, 1930; Norwegian Sea (?); from Polish trawler; 52 mm; 1977; Coll. Rene Vanwalleghem

Arrhoges occidentalis (Beck, 1836); juvenile; trawled -270 m off Flemish Cap Bank, east of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador Province, Canada; muddy sand; 3/1994; Coll. Philippe Simonet

Aporrhais occidentalis forma mainensis Johnson; off Frenchman Bay, Maine, USA; dredged in 40 m; Coll. Koenraad De Turck


Localities

  • Gulf of St. Lawrence (A. occidentalis; Johnson, 1930)
  • Newfoundland (A. occidentalis; Johnson, 1930)
  • off the Isles of Shoal, New Hampshire by W.S. Schroeder, US Fish Commission steamer "Albatross II" in 88 fathoms (A. occidentalis; Johnson, 1930)
  • Georges Bank, Lat. 41° 23' N., Long. 68° 46' W. in 50 fathoms (A. occidentalis; Johnson, 1930)
  • off Gurnett Point, Plymouth, Mass. by R.K. Smith & W.F. Clapp in 20 fathoms (A. occidentalis; Johnson, 1930)
  • N.E. of the Island of Anticosti by J.F. Whiteaves in 120 fathoms (A. occidentalis; Johnson, 1930)
  • Gillpatrick Ledge, off Northeast Harbor, Maine, by Dr. C.W. Townsend, in 5 to 6 fathoms (A. occidentalis var. mainensis; Johnson, 1926)
  • Eastport, Maine, by Hyatt, in 20 fathoms (A. occidentalis var. mainensis; Johnson, 1926)
  • Digby, Nova Scotia, by E. W. Roper (A. occidentalis var. mainensis; Johnson, 1926)
  • Egg Harbor, Labrador, by Owen Bryant, in 7 fathoms (A. occidentalis var. labradorensis; Johnson, 1930)

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